A paraphrase focuses concisely on a single main idea. ![]() It is useful when you need more detail than a summary but less than a direct quote. Paraphrasing is also putting someone else’s words into your own words. See the examples at the bottom of the page. Summaries should be written in your own words, include a page number, and be followed by a statement explaining its importance and connection to the topic sentence. It is rarely used in the body of a literary analysis essay other than to provide some context when it is needed. Summarizing literary fiction usually occurs in the introduction of a literary analysis essay. It’s useful when you want to point to a larger section of text but do not need the details of the original text. Summarizing is putting someone else’s words into your own words. It’s useful when you want to point to point something out to support a point you’re tying to make but don’t feel a summary, paraphrase or direct quote is necessary. See the chart below for examples. Referencing is mentioning a particular event or action in the text. Read through the types below and decide which one best fits your need. The most common type of textual evidence is quoting. The types are listed from using general evidence (referencing) to very to specific evidence (quoting). There are four types of textual evidence: referencing, summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting. ![]() Be followed by an “connection” that explains the relationship of the evidence to your main point.Be cited with a page number at the end of the sentence – He shouted “no more stone soup” (14).Such circumstances cannot be definitively laid out in a closed list of cases.Textual evidence is evidence from a text (fiction or nonfiction) that you can use to illustrate your ideas and support your arguments. These circumstances mainly concern matters of everyday life where a person may be expected to give opinions and which opinions may be safely acted upon by others. Non-expert opinion refers to the opinion given in restricted circumstances by laymen or persons who do not possess any expertise. The duty of experts is to furnish the judge with the necessary scientific criteria for testing the accuracy of their conclusions, so that the judge or jury can form their own independent judgment by the application of these criteria to the facts proved. The facts upon which an expert opinion is based must be proved by admissible evidence. Expert witnesses may also deliver expert evidence about facts from the domain of their expertise. Court me take help of DNA expert in order to ascertain the parentage of any child or person.Īn expert witness is a witness, who by virtue of education, training, skill, or experience, is believed to have expertise and specialised knowledge in a particular subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may officially and legally rely upon the witness's specialized ( scientific, technical or other) opinion about an evidence or fact issue within the scope of his expertise, referred to as the expert opinion, as an assistance to the fact-finder. įor instance, the court may in order to prove handwriting in any document take help of an expert who will compare the handwriting in document with the handwriting of persons by whom such document in purported to be written.Īnother example can be a DNA test. Moreover, admission of such evidence would usurp the functions of the jury, which alone should be the tribunal of fact and draw its own inferences. This is because opinion evidence is usually irrelevant. ![]() The main rationale for such a rule is that the admission of opinion evidence would not assist, or might even mislead, the court and in particular the jury. In general, witnesses should testify only as to the facts observed and should not give opinion. However, there are two exceptions to this rule: expert evidence and non-expert opinion given by laymen which people in their daily lives reach without conscious ratiocination. In common law jurisdictions the general rule is that a witness is supposed to testify as to what was observed and not to give an opinion on what was observed. ![]() Opinion evidence refers to direct evidence outlining what the expert witness, believes, or infers in regard to facts, as distinguished from personal knowledge of the facts themselves.
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